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Upper Respiratory Tract Tuberculosis.

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Upper respiratory tract tuberculosis (URT-TB) affects the head and neck, often presenting as laryngeal TB. Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion, risk factors, and microbiological tests, with standard chemotherapy as the primary treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Otolaryngology
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Upper respiratory tract tuberculosis (URT-TB) is increasingly reported globally, including in developed nations.
  • Laryngeal tuberculosis is the most prevalent form of URT-TB, with pulmonary lesions found in 20% of adults and 50-60% of children.
  • Risk factors for URT-TB include HIV infection, diabetes, smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse, malignancies, and immunosuppressive drug use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of upper respiratory tract tuberculosis (URT-TB) in the head and neck.
  • To highlight diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for URT-TB.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent reports and clinical data on URT-TB.
  • Description of diagnostic methods including morphological, endoscopic, smear, and histopathological examinations.
  • Outline of standard anti-TB chemotherapy regimens and considerations for drug resistance.

Main Results:

  • Laryngeal TB is the most common URT-TB; pulmonary involvement varies by age.
  • Morphological and endoscopic findings include nodules and ulcerative lesions.
  • Diagnosis is often based on epidemiological factors and response to treatment, confirmed by microbiological tests.

Conclusions:

  • URT-TB requires prompt diagnosis and appropriate management, primarily with standard anti-TB chemotherapy.
  • While systemic manifestations are uncommon, risk factors significantly influence disease occurrence.
  • Surgical intervention or tracheostomy may be necessary in severe or refractory cases.