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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

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Atomic mutagenesis at the ribosomal decoding site.

Pius Schrode1, Paul Huter1, Nina Clementi1

  • 1a Division of Genomics and RNomics, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.

RNA Biology
|November 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The ribosome

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ribosomal decoding is crucial for protein synthesis.
  • Specific nucleotides (G530, A1492, A1493) in 16S rRNA are implicated in mRNA decoding.
  • Recent data challenged existing models of ribosomal decoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To biochemically investigate the role of nucleotides A1492 and A1493 in ribosomal decoding.
  • To test the impact of chemical modifications on translation activity and fidelity.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro reconstitution of ribosomes with modified nucleotides A1492 and A1493.
  • Testing modified ribosomes for mRNA decoding efficiency and accuracy.

Main Results:

Keywords:
Atomic mutagenesisin vitro translationmRNA decodingreconstitutionribosome

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  • Ribosomes showed tolerance to modifications of single chemical groups at A1492 and A1493.
  • Translation activity was largely unaffected by base or sugar moiety modifications.
  • Eliminating single chemical groups did not alter translation fidelity or accuracy.

    • Conclusions:

    • The chemical groups and hydrogen bonds involving A1492 and A1493 are not critical for decoding.
    • The ribosome is surprisingly tolerant to modifications at these key decoding sites.