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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Cis-regulatory landscapes in development and evolution.

Ignacio Maeso1, Rafael D Acemel1, José Luis Gómez-Skarmeta1

  • 1Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km1, Seville, Spain.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|November 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advances in chromatin 3D organization and genome-wide cis-regulatory element detection enable profiling gene Regulatory Landscapes (RLs). Altering RL structure impacts development, disease, and evolution, highlighting the importance of 3D genome organization for transcriptional regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Recent advances in chromatin 3D organization offer new insights into gene regulation.
  • Genome-wide detection of cis-regulatory elements is now possible using various biochemical signatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies demonstrating the functional consequences of altering gene Regulatory Landscapes (RLs).
  • To emphasize the importance of 3D genome organization in understanding transcriptional regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies (last two years) on gene Regulatory Landscapes.
  • Analysis of functional consequences of altered RL structure in development, disease, and evolution.

Main Results:

  • Altering Regulatory Landscape structure has significant functional consequences.
  • These consequences are observed across development, disease, and evolutionary contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding transcriptional regulation requires considering the 3D modular organization of animal genomes.
  • Gene Regulatory Landscapes provide a comprehensive view of spatio-temporal gene expression control.