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Related Concept Videos

Net Torque Calculations01:19

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
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Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque...
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Designing a solid shaft that transmits power from a motor to a machine tool involves a series of calculations to ensure the shaft can withstand the stresses applied by bending moments and torques. First, calculate the torque exerted on the gear, considering the power transmitted by the shaft and its rotational speed. Following this, compute the tangential forces acting on the gears, which directly relate to the torque and the gear radius.
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Screw: Problem Solving01:21

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In mechanical engineering, the interaction between a threaded screw shaft and a plate gear involves analyzing the resisting torque on the plate gear that can be overpowered when a specific torsional moment is applied to the shaft. To better comprehend this concept, consider a generic situation with a threaded screw shaft with a given mean radius and lead and a plate gear with a specified mean radius. The coefficient of static friction between the screw and gear is also provided.
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Angle of Twist - Elastic Range01:13

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Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Direct Force Measurements of Subcellular Mechanics in Confinement using Optical Tweezers
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Optical Torque Wrench Design and Calibration.

Zhanna Santybayeva1, Francesco Pedaci1

  • 1Department of Single-Molecule Biophysics, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048, UM, INSERM UMR1054, Montpellier, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study details the Optical Torque Wrench, enabling simultaneous force and torque measurement on microscopic particles using angular optical tweezers. This technology expands optical trapping capabilities for broader scientific applications.

Keywords:
BirefringenceOptical tweezersPolarizationSingle-molecule biophysicsTorque

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Optical trapping
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Standard linear optical tweezers offer force measurement but lack torque control.
  • Angular control of trapped particles presents new possibilities across scientific disciplines.
  • Birefringent microscopic particles are key to developing advanced optical manipulation techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed guide for constructing, aligning, and calibrating the Optical Torque Wrench.
  • To enable simultaneous application and measurement of force and torque on microscopic particles.
  • To explore the dynamical excitability of systems with controlled periodic potentials.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Optical Torque Wrench as an add-on to linear optical tweezers.
  • Utilizing the interaction between laser linear polarization and birefringent cylindrical particles.
  • Controlling the tilt of the periodic potential to observe system dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of simultaneous force and torque application and measurement.
  • Characterization of the angular trap created by laser-particle interaction.
  • Observation of dynamical excitability through controlled potential tilting.

Conclusions:

  • The Optical Torque Wrench significantly expands the functionality of optical tweezers.
  • This technical guide aims to promote the development and application of angular optical tweezers.
  • The described method offers new avenues for research in fields utilizing optical manipulation.