Management effects on greenhouse gas dynamics in fen ditches

Globally, large areas of peatland have been drained through the digging of ditches, generally to increase agricultural production. By lowering the water table it is often assumed that drainage reduces landscape-scale emissions of methane (CH₄) into the atmosphere to negligible levels. However, drainage ditches themselves are known to be sources of CH₄ and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), but emissions data are scarce, particularly for carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), and show high spatial and temporal variability. Here, we report dissolved GHGs and diffusive fluxes of CH₄ and CO₂ from ditches at three UK lowland fens under different management; semi-natural fen, cropland, and cropland restored to low-intensity grassland. Ditches at all three fens emitted GHGs to the atmosphere, but both fluxes and dissolved GHGs showed extensive variation both seasonally and within-site. CH₄ fluxes were particularly large, with medians peaking at all three sites in August at 120-230mgm^-2d^-1. Significant between site differences were detected between the cropland and the other two sites for CO₂ flux and all three dissolved GHGs, suggesting that intensive agriculture has major effects on ditch biogeochemistry. Multiple regression models using environmental and water chemistry data were able to explain 29-59% of observed variation in dissolved GHGs. Annual CH₄ fluxes from the ditches were 37.8, 18.3 and 27.2gCH₄m^-2yr^-1 for the semi-natural, grassland and cropland, and annual CO₂ fluxes were similar (1100 to 1440gCO₂m^-2yr^-1) among sites. We suggest that fen ditches are important contributors to landscape-scale GHG emissions, particularly for CH₄. Ditch emissions should be included in GHG budgets of human modified fens, particularly where drainage has removed the original terrestrial CH₄ source, e.g. agricultural peatlands.