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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Compensation Mechanisms01:28

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The human body employs intricate mechanisms to counteract changes in blood pH, preventing conditions like acidosis (pH < 7.35) and alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These compensatory responses aim to restore normal arterial blood pH by engaging respiratory or renal systems, depending on the source of the imbalance.
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Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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Framing Effects03:26

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Spare Receptors01:30

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Some receptors remain unoccupied even when an agonist produces a maximal response. Such empty ones are called spare receptors. In presence of spare receptors the maximum effect of an agonist drug is achieved with fewer than 100% of the receptors being occupied. To determine the presence of spare receptors, scientists often compare the concentration of the drug needed to produce 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) with the concentration of the drug needed to occupy 50% of the receptors (Kd). If the...
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The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
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Extra hour goes unrewarded.

Karen Wilson

    Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)
    |November 17, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Workers experienced unpaid overtime when clocks shifted back, impacting 13.5-hour night shifts. This highlights potential payroll discrepancies during daylight saving time transitions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Labor Law
    • Chronobiology

    Background:

    • Daylight Saving Time (DST) transitions can alter standard work hours.
    • Employees working night shifts during the clock change may experience extended work periods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of DST clock changes on night shift worker compensation.
    • To identify discrepancies in payroll for hours worked during the DST transition.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of employee work logs and payroll records.
    • Comparison of scheduled hours versus actual hours worked during the DST shift.

    Main Results:

    • Night shift workers reported working an additional 1.5 hours during the DST clock change.
    • Employees were not compensated for the extra hours worked, leading to unpaid overtime.

    Conclusions:

    • Current payroll practices may not adequately account for extended night shifts during DST transitions.
    • Further review of labor laws and payroll systems is recommended to ensure fair compensation for all hours worked.