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Aldehydes and ketones form enols, although only about 1% of the enol is present at the equilibrium for simple monocarbonyl compounds. The enol form is undetectable for acetaldehyde, present as only 1.5 × 10−4 % of acetone, and present as only 1.2% of cyclohexanone. Two kinds of regioisomeric enols are possible for unsymmetrical ketones, and their net composition is 1% at equilibrium. This instability is due to the lower bond energy of C=C than the C=O group. The additional...
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Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays
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Deoxynivalenol and Its Modified Forms: Are There Major Differences?

Arash Alizadeh1,2, Saskia Braber3, Peyman Akbari4,5

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives pose health risks. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) show potential in protecting against DON

Keywords:
15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol3-acetyl-deoxynivalenolCXCL8DON-3-O-glucosidede-epoxy-DONdeoxynivalenolintestinal barriermycotoxin

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Toxicology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prevalent Fusarium toxin in wheat.
  • Human and animal exposure includes DON derivatives like 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON), DON-glucoside (DON3G), and de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1).
  • DON's stability and toxicity raise health concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the toxic effects of naturally occurring DON forms on intestinal cells.
  • To evaluate the impact of DON derivatives on cell viability and barrier integrity.
  • To assess the protective potential of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) against DON toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Caco-2 cell model to simulate the human intestinal barrier.
  • Assessed cell viability and barrier integrity markers.
  • Measured the release of chemokine CXC motif ligand (CXCL8) as an inflammatory marker.
  • Investigated the effects of DON, 3ADON, 15ADON, DON3G, DOM-1, and GOS.

Main Results:

  • 15ADON was more potent than DON in damaging barrier integrity; 3ADON was less potent.
  • DON3G and DOM-1 did not cause measurable adverse effects on the intestinal barrier.
  • Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) demonstrated a protective effect against DON and its acetylated forms.

Conclusions:

  • Different DON derivatives exhibit varying levels of toxicity to intestinal cells.
  • DON3G and DOM-1 appear to be non-toxic to the intestinal barrier.
  • GOS holds promise as a beneficial food additive for mitigating DON-related health risks.