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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

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Glucocorticoids and chronic inflammation.

Rainer H Straub1, Maurizio Cutolo2

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany rainer.straub@ukr.de.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
|November 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Glucocorticoids regulate immune responses but their therapeutic role is debated. Understanding cortisol

Keywords:
cortisol-to-cortisone shuttleglucocorticoid resistanceglucocorticoidsrelative adrenal insufficiencyrole of circadian rhythmsubstitution of the adrenal gland

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Glucocorticoids are crucial steroid hormones influencing numerous genes, including those involved in immune and inflammatory responses.
  • Their precise role in disease pathophysiology and therapeutic applications remains a subject of ongoing debate.
  • A comprehensive review is needed to clarify their complex actions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a literature survey on glucocorticoids, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, rheumatology, and adrenal glands.
  • To identify key targets for a review on glucocorticoid function in chronic inflammatory conditions.
  • To elucidate the multifaceted roles of glucocorticoids in health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature survey using keywords: glucocorticoids, inflammation, autoimmune disease, rheumatology, adrenal glands.
  • Analysis of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoid actions in chronic inflammatory diseases.
  • Synthesis of information within the context of neurohormonal energy regulation.

Main Results:

  • Five key discussion points emerged: cortisol production relative to inflammation, cortisol-cortisone shuttle dynamics, inflammation-induced glucocorticoid resistance, current glucocorticoid therapy, and circadian rhythm influences.
  • Glucocorticoid resistance is identified as a consequence of inflammation.
  • Understanding these aspects is crucial for optimizing therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing long-term, low-dose glucocorticoid therapy for chronic inflammatory diseases requires a deep understanding of endogenous/exogenous hormone actions.
  • Adequate anti-inflammatory therapy is essential, particularly given that glucocorticoid resistance stems from inflammation.
  • Further research into the neurohormonal regulation of energy metabolism may provide additional insights.