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Updated: Mar 11, 2026

A Precision Medicine Tool for Measurement and Monitoring of Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Receiving Transfusion Therapy
Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism is not associated with vasoocclusive complications of
Sana Abass Mahjoub1, Enaam Abdelrhman2, Mohammed Elfatih Mohy El-Deen3
1Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
Context:
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a group of hemoglobin disorders in which the sickle β-globin gene is inherited. It is associated with many complications; most of them are related to thrombotic events.
Aim:
This study aimed to investigate the association between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism and complications of SCA.
Settings And Design:
A case-control study was conducted in Khartoum state.
Subjects And Methods:
A total of 50 patients with SCA and 40 healthy volunteers as a control group were enrolled in this study. Three milliliters of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid anticoagulated blood were collected from each subject, DNA was extracted by salting-out method, and target DNA regions of the ACE gene were amplified using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.
Statistical Analysis Used:
Data of this study was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Frequency of qualitative variables was calculated, and correlation was tested by Chi-square test. Regression was used to investigate the association between the polymorphism and complications of SCA.
Results:
The frequencies of the DD, ID, and II genotypes were 42%, 50%, and 8%, respectively, for patients, whereas in the control group, it was 80% for DD genotype and 20% for ID, while II genotype was totally absent. The regression analysis showed no statistically significant association between the disease complications and each of the ACE polymorphic genotypes.
Conclusion:
No statistically significant association was found between ACE polymorphism and complications of SCA.
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