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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

A Preclinical Mouse Model of Osteosarcoma to Define the Extracellular Vesicle-mediated Communication Between Tumor and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Exosomes in Tumor Angiogenesis.

Karma Z Salem1, Michele Moschetta1, Antonio Sacco1

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study details exosome isolation and their function in the tumor microenvironment. Exosomes promote metastasis and angiogenesis by transferring cellular information.

Keywords:
AngiogenesisCancerExosomeMicroenvironmentPre-metastatic nicheTumor

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Using Nanoplasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Low-Magnification Microscope Imaging to Quantify Tumor-Derived Exosomes
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles involved in intercellular communication.
  • They mediate information transfer via nucleic acids and proteins.
  • Tumor microenvironment crosstalk is critical in cancer progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the method for isolating exosomes.
  • To elucidate the role of exosomes in modifying the tumor microenvironment.
  • To investigate exosome-mediated metastasis and angiogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Exosome isolation techniques.
  • Analysis of exosome content (nucleic acids, proteins).
  • In vitro and in vivo models to assess exosome function in tumor progression.

Main Results:

  • Successful isolation of exosomes.
  • Demonstration of exosome involvement in tumor microenvironment modulation.
  • Evidence of exosome-driven promotion of metastasis and angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes are key mediators of tumor-microenvironment interactions.
  • Exosome isolation and analysis provide insights into cancer progression.
  • Targeting exosome pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for cancer metastasis and angiogenesis.