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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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DNA demethylation pathways: Additional players and regulators.

Matthias Bochtler1,2, Agnieszka Kolano1, Guo-Liang Xu3

  • 1International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|November 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active DNA demethylation involves ten-eleven translocations (TETs) and activation induced deaminase (AID) enzymes, not direct conversion. The base excision repair (BER) pathway replaces modified nucleotides, with new insights into glycosylase roles.

Keywords:
5-carboxylcytosine5-formylcytosine5-hydroxymethylcytosine5-hydroxymethyluracilAIDTDGTETactive DNA demethylationdeaminationoxidation

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • DNA Repair

Background:

  • DNA demethylation is crucial for gene regulation and occurs passively or actively.
  • Active DNA demethylation does not involve direct 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to cytosine (C) conversion.
  • Ten-eleven translocations (TETs) and activation induced deaminase (AID) are key enzymes in active DNA demethylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in the understanding of active DNA demethylation mechanisms.
  • To clarify the roles and regulation of enzymes involved in active DNA demethylation.
  • To highlight the involvement of the base excision repair (BER) pathway and other DNA repair pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and data.
  • Analysis of enzymatic pathways involved in DNA modification and repair.
  • Identification of key enzymes and their regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Active DNA demethylation involves oxidation by TETs or deamination by AID.
  • The base excision repair (BER) pathway is essential for replacing modified nucleotides.
  • New base excision repair (BER) glycosylases may cooperate with or replace thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG).
  • Other DNA damage repair pathways might also be involved in active DNA demethylation.

Conclusions:

  • Active DNA demethylation is a complex process involving TETs, AID, and BER pathway enzymes.
  • Recent findings expand our understanding of the enzymes and pathways regulating DNA demethylation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the roles of various DNA repair pathways in this process.