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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

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Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

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Porcine sperm vitrification II: Spheres method.

C C Arraztoa^1,2, M H Miragaya^1,2, M G Chaves^1,2

¹Cátedra de Teriogenología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

|November 19, 2016

Summary

Vitrification in spheres offers a promising alternative for boar sperm cryopreservation. Rapid warming of raw sperm without cryoprotectants best preserved DNA integrity, suggesting potential for future embryo production.

Keywords:

cryopreservation porcine sperm spheres vitrification

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Cryobiology
Sperm Preservation

Background:

Current boar sperm cryopreservation methods face challenges.
Vitrification presents a potential alternative for preserving boar spermatozoa.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate vitrification in spheres as a boar sperm cryopreservation method.
To compare the effects of permeable cryoprotectants and different warming methods on sperm quality.

Main Methods:

Porcine spermatozoa were vitrified using the spheres method with or without dimethylformamide or glycerol.
Two warming methods were tested: rapid (30s at 37°C) and ultrarapid (7s at 75°C, then 30s at 37°C).
Sperm parameters including motility, membrane function, acrosome integrity, viability, and chromatin integrity were assessed.

Main Results:

Rapid warming of raw porcine spermatozoa vitrified without permeable cryoprotectants showed better preservation of DNA condensation and integrity.
The study identified optimal conditions for boar sperm vitrification using the spheres method.

Conclusions:

Vitrification in spheres is a viable option for boar sperm cryopreservation.
Rapid warming without cryoprotectants appears superior for maintaining DNA integrity in vitrified boar sperm.
Further validation with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for embryo production is recommended.