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Microglia and brain macrophages: An update.

Atsushi Sasaki1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.

Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology
|November 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Microglial activation is present in many neurological diseases but does not always equate to neuroinflammation. Neuropathologists can clarify the diverse roles of microglia in health and disease, including rare microgliopathies and tumors.

Keywords:
DAP12Microgliaglioblastomamicrogliopathytumor-associated macrophages

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Microglia are immune cells in the brain, crucial for its function.
  • Microglial activation is observed in most neurological diseases, but its role is complex.
  • The simplistic equation of microglial activation with neuroinflammation is misleading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the multifaceted roles of microglia in the human brain.
  • To differentiate between microglial activation in disease and primary microglial dysfunction (microgliopathies).
  • To discuss the involvement of microglia in neurological diseases, tumors, and synaptic maintenance.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical techniques for identifying microglia in human brain tissue.
  • Review of existing literature on microglial roles in various neurological conditions.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways implicated in microgliopathies (NHD, HDLS).

Main Results:

  • Microglial activation is not synonymous with neuroinflammation; their roles are diverse.
  • Defects in specific microglial molecules (DAP12, TREM2, CSF1R) cause leukoencephalopathies (NHD, HDLS).
  • True microgliomas are rare, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in glioblastomas show complex M1/M2 profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Neuropathologists are essential for resolving confusion surrounding microglial functions.
  • Microgliopathies represent a distinct category of diseases stemming from primary microglial defects.
  • Further research into disease-specific microglial alterations is needed for better understanding and treatment.