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Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions01:15

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PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure...
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CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

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The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
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Decision-making in chronic ecstasy users: a systematic review.

Felix Betzler1, Leonard Viohl1, Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|November 19, 2016
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Summary

Long-term 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use shows mixed results regarding decision-making impairments. While some studies indicate increased risky decision-making, overall evidence is inconclusive, necessitating further research.

Keywords:
MDMAamphetaminescognitive functionsdrugsexecutive functions

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Chronic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use, commonly known as ecstasy, has been linked to cognitive impairments, including altered decision-making.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial given MDMA's controversial therapeutic potential and its association with addictive disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing scientific literature on the effects of chronic MDMA use on higher-order decision-making processes in humans.
  • To synthesize findings from controlled trials investigating decision-making in MDMA users.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted for controlled trials examining decision-making tasks in individuals with a history of MDMA use.
  • Inclusion criteria required studies to assess drug-naïve or polydrug control groups and ensure subjects were in a drug-free interval.

Main Results:

  • Twelve cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding heterogeneous results.
  • Seven studies reported increased risky decision-making in MDMA users, while five found no significant MDMA-specific effects.
  • Impulsivity was commonly observed in both MDMA and control groups across studies.

Conclusions:

  • Current research does not definitively conclude that long-term MDMA use impairs general decision-making behavior.
  • While a tendency towards risky decision-making exists, it requires confirmation through longitudinal studies.
  • Further research with detailed specifications is needed to clarify MDMA's impact on decision-making processes.