T Cell Responses and Regulation and the Impact of In Vitro IL-10 and TGF-β Modulation During Treatment of Active...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is particularly challenging for the immune system being an intracellular pathogen, and a variety of T cell subpopulations are activated by the host defence mechanism. In this study, we investigated T cell responses and regulation in active TB patients with drug-sensitive Mtb (N = 18) during 24 weeks of efficient anti-TB therapy. T cell activation, differentiation, regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets, Mtb-induced T cell proliferation and in vitro IL-10 and TGF-β modulation were analysed by flow cytometry at baseline and after 8 and 24 weeks of therapy, while soluble cytokines in culture supernatants were analysed by a 9-plex Luminex assay. Successful treatment resulted in significantly reduced co-expression of HLA-DR/CD38 and PD-1/CD38 on both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, while the fraction of CD4⁺ CD25^high CD127^low Tregs (P = 0.017) and CD4⁺ CD25^high CD127^low CD147⁺ Tregs (P = 0.029) showed significant transient increase at week 8. In vitro blockade of IL-10/TGF-β upon Mtb antigen stimulation significantly lowered the fraction of ESAT-6-specific CD4⁺ CD25^high CD127^low Tregs at baseline (P = 0.047), while T cell proliferation and cytokine production were unaffected. Phenotypical and Mtb-specific T cell signatures may serve as markers of effective therapy, while the IL-10/TGF-β pathway could be a target for early inhibition to facilitate Mtb clearance. However, larger clinical studies are needed for verification before concluding.