Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 11, 2026
An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps
Published on: December 5, 2025
Free flap outcome of salvage surgery compared to primary surgery for head and neck defects: A propensity score
Chung-Hwan Baek1, Woori Park1, Nayeon Choi1
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Objectives:
To compare free flap outcomes for head and neck defects between primary surgery and salvage surgery and identify factors affecting the outcomes in the two settings.
Methods:
A total of 225 patients (primary group, n=56; salvage group, n=169) were retrospectively identified. The salvage group was previously treated with radiotherapy, chemoradiation, surgery, or any combination of these treatments. Clinical data were retrieved and analyzed between the two groups to compare the incidence and contributing factors of flap-related complications and flap failure. A propensity score analysis with matching T stage, defect, and flap types was also performed for unbiased comparisons.
Results:
Flap-related complication rate was 22.2% in all patients. The salvage group showed higher rates of wound dehiscence than the primary group (3.6% in primary vs. 13.0% in salvage; p=0.04). Flap failures occurred in 10 patients (4.4%), including 3 (5.4%) in the primary group and 7 (4.1%) in the salvage group (p=0.71). Multivariate analysis showed no critical factor that influenced the occurrence of flap-related complications or flap failure, including surgery type (primary or salvage). In propensity score analysis, incidences and types of flap-related complications and flap failure were not statistically different between the two groups (primary and salvage).
Conclusions:
Free flap reconstruction is a safe and reliable method to restore the ablative defects in previously irradiated or operated head and neck defects.
