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Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...

Language and Cognition

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Longitudinal auditory learning facilitates auditory cognition as revealed by microstate analysis.

Nathalie Giroud¹, Ulrike Lemke², Philip Reich³

¹Research Unit for Neuroplasticity and Learning in the Healthy Aging Brain, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.

Biological Psychology

|November 22, 2016

Summary

Auditory learning enhances cognitive processes, reducing P3b microstate onset times for difficult sounds. This auditory training improves stimulus categorization and attention, crucial for successful learning.

Keywords:

Active oddball Auditory learning Cognitive hearing Longitudinal plasticity Microstates

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Last Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

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Published on: December 15, 2016

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Auditory Perception
Cognitive Psychology

Background:

Auditory learning involves changes in how the brain processes sound over time.
Late auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) reflect cognitive processes during auditory perception.
Understanding cognitive modulations in AEPs is key to understanding auditory learning.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate cognitive processes reflected in late AEPs during longitudinal auditory learning.
To examine modulations in N2b- and P3b-related microstates over four weeks of training.
To determine how auditory learning affects the brain's response to auditory stimuli.

Main Methods:

A normal hearing adult sample (n=15) participated in an active oddball task.
Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded at three time points over four weeks.
Stimuli included natural fricative syllables and morphed transitions as deviants.

Main Results:

The onset of P3b-like microstates decreased across training, particularly for difficult deviants.
Mean global field power (GFP) of N2b- and P3b-like microstates increased for spectrally strong deviants.
Auditory learning led to distinct neural activation patterns for different stimuli.

Conclusions:

Longitudinal auditory training enhances cognitive mechanisms like stimulus categorization, attention, and memory updating.
These cognitive processes are integral to successful auditory learning.
Future research should explore the benefits of cognitive processes in auditory training interventions.