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Updated: Mar 11, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
Published on: December 22, 2016
Theoretical considerations on the ultimate depth that could be reached by saturation human divers
Jacques H Abraini1, Hélène N David2, Nicolas Vallée3
1Université de Caen Normandie, Faculté de Médecine, Caen, France; Département d'Anesthésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Equipe Résidente de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle (ERRSO), Toulon, France.
Abstract:
The occurrence of paroxysmal narcotic episodes including psychotic-like symptoms in divers participating to experimental deep diving programs with various gas mixtures has constituted, beyond the classical symptoms of the high-pressure neurological syndrome, the major limitation for deep diving. With the development of new saturation deep diving programs and experiments by the eastern nations, such as India and China, we believed that it is of interest to examine what could be the ultimate depth that could be reached by saturation human divers. Based on previous data and the critical volume model of inert gas narcosis, we propose that the ultimate depth for saturation diving could be around 1,000 m.
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Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:

