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RL Circuits

RL Circuits

An RL circuit consists of a resistor and an inductor and may have a source of emf connected to it. The inductor in the circuit helps to prevent rapid changes in current, which can be helpful if a steady current is required but the external source has a fluctuating emf. Consider an open RL circuit connected to a source of constant emf. As soon as the circuit is closed, the current begins to increase at a rate that depends only on the value of the inductance in the circuit. The greater the...

Block Diagram Reduction

Block Diagram Reduction

The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...

LC Circuits

LC Circuits

An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...

Clamper Circuit

Clamper Circuit

A clamper circuit, also known as a DC restorer, represents a specialized variant of the rectifier circuit, notable for its method of taking the output across the diode rather than the capacitor. This configuration lends to several distinctive applications, particularly in handling square wave inputs.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...

Second-Order Circuits

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Published on: October 18, 2022

Repressor logic modules assembled by rolling circle amplification platform to construct a set of logic gates.

Hua Wei^1,2, Bo Hu², Suming Tang²

¹Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine College, Shenyang Agricultural University, #120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.

Scientific Reports

|November 22, 2016

Summary

This study demonstrates using small molecule metabolites and repressors to build DNA logic gates for molecular computing. These novel systems enable complex computations without cellular transcription machinery, advancing synthetic biology applications.

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Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Molecular Computing
Biochemistry

Background:

Small molecule metabolites and their repressors are crucial biological sensors.
These natural sensors are rarely utilized outside of cellular transcription machinery.
Allosterically regulated repressors offer potential as biological logic switches.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a cell-free system for gene expression control using metabolites and repressors.
To construct basic and complex Boolean logic gates on a DNA amplification platform.
To explore the potential of this system in molecular computing and synthetic biology.

Main Methods:

Cloning and purification of two pairs of oppositely functioning repressors.
Utilizing rolling circle amplification (RCA) for DNA replication control.
Designing series and parallel strategies of circular templates for module assembly.

Main Results:

Successfully constructed four basic logic modules using metabolites and repressors as inputs.
Assembled modules on an RCA platform to realize twelve two-input Boolean logic gates and one three-input logic gate.
Demonstrated the flexibility and ease of the RCA-output and RCA-assembled platform for complex logic processes.

Conclusions:

The developed platform offers a versatile and efficient method for complex logic operations.
This cell-free system shows significant potential for applications in molecular computing.
The study advances the field of synthetic biology by enabling metabolite-responsive logic gates.