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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

346
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
346
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

660
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
660
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

605
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
605
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

411
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
411
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

306
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
306
Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations01:15

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

306
Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
306

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Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
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Clinical Experience with Daptomycin in Pediatrics.

Katie C Namtu1, Julianna C Crain1, Allison F Messina2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida.

Pharmacotherapy
|November 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Daptomycin effectively treated gram-positive infections in children, with 98% showing improvement. Further trials are needed to confirm safety and efficacy in pediatric patients.

Keywords:
antibioticsantimicrobialsdaptomycingram-positive infectionspediatrics

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Therapy
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Emergence of antimicrobial resistance complicates gram-positive infection management.
  • Daptomycin offers a unique mechanism of action and favorable dosing for gram-positive infections.
  • Limited safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic data exist for daptomycin in pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical experience with daptomycin for gram-positive infections in neonatal and pediatric patients.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of daptomycin in a pediatric cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of electronic medical records.
  • Inclusion of hospitalized children receiving daptomycin for proven gram-positive infections (October 2008 - June 2014).
  • Analysis of patient demographics, infection types, treatment duration, clinical outcomes, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels.

Main Results:

  • 109 pediatric patients with proven gram-positive infections were analyzed.
  • Catheter-related bloodstream infections were most common (n=81).
  • 98% of patients showed clinical improvement; 3 patients had elevated CPK levels.

Conclusions:

  • Daptomycin demonstrated clinical improvement in the majority of pediatric patients with gram-positive infections.
  • Further randomized controlled trials are essential to establish daptomycin's safety and efficacy in pediatric populations.
  • Daptomycin shows promise as a treatment option for pediatric gram-positive infections.