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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
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Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression?

Tracey J Shors1, Emma M Millon1, Han Yan M Chang1

  • 1Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.

Journal of Neuroscience Research
|November 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mind/body training (MAP) reduced rumination and depression in adults. While the link between rumination and depression was strong in both sexes, targeting rumination can help reduce major depressive disorder (MDD) incidence in women.

Keywords:
depressionexercisefearhippocampuslearningmeditationmemoryneurogenesispost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)ruminationstress

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Women exhibit higher rates of rumination and major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to men.
  • Rumination, characterized by repetitive negative thoughts, is strongly linked to depressive symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the rumination-depression link is stronger in women.
  • To determine if a mind/body intervention can disrupt this association.
  • To explore the potential impact on sex differences in MDD prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Adult participants, predominantly with clinical depression, underwent an 8-week MAP Training program.
  • MAP Training integrated mental components (meditation) with physical activity (aerobic exercise).
  • Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured depressive symptoms and rumination levels.

Main Results:

  • MAP Training significantly reduced depressive symptoms and rumination in both men and women.
  • Strong correlations between depressive symptoms and rumination were observed in both sexes, persisting post-intervention.
  • Depressive symptoms in women uniquely correlated with "reflective" rumination, a link that diminished after the intervention.

Conclusions:

  • The strength of the rumination-depression association does not fully explain sex differences in MDD.
  • Targeting rumination through interventions like MAP Training can effectively reduce depressive symptoms.
  • Mind/body interventions show promise in mitigating MDD, particularly in populations with higher prevalence, such as women.