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Comparing Brain Morphometry Across Multiple Childhood Psychiatric Disorders.

Andrea L Gold1, Melissa A Brotman1, Nancy E Adleman2

  • 1Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
|November 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural brain differences in youth psychiatric disorders are specific and shared. Gray matter volume changes in the prefrontal cortex were observed in anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder (BD), but not with dimensional symptom measures.

Keywords:
anxiety disordersbipolar disorderdisruptive mood dysregulation disorderprefrontal cortexvoxel-based morphometry

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Psychiatric illnesses in children and adults are linked to brain structure changes, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC).
  • Most studies compare healthy volunteers (HVs) to a single psychiatric group, limiting understanding of diverse conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare gray matter volume (GMV) differences across multiple pediatric psychiatric disorders: anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder (BD), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • To investigate GMV associations with continuous symptom dimensions in youth.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired 3-Tesla T1-weighted MRI scans from 184 youths (39 anxious, 20 BD, 52 DMDD, 20 ADHD, 53 HV).
  • Conducted voxel-based morphometry analyses, using one-way ANOVA with whole-brain familywise error correction (p < .05).
  • Performed exploratory analyses (p < .001, ≥200 voxels) and tested GMV associations with continuous anxiety, irritability, and inattention symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Left dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) GMV differed between youth with BD, anxiety, and HVs; anxiety showed increased GMV, while BD showed decreased GMV relative to HVs.
  • BD was associated with GMV decreases in the right lateral PFC, right dlPFC, and dorsomedial PFC.
  • Anxiety was linked to GMV increases in the left dlPFC, right ventrolateral PFC, frontal pole, and right parahippocampal gyrus/lingual gyrus.
  • Both BD and DMDD exhibited decreased GMV in the right dlPFC/superior frontal gyrus compared to HVs.
  • No significant GMV associations were found with dimensional measures of anxiety, irritability, or ADHD symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric psychopathology involves both disorder-specific and shared GMV differences.
  • Observed differences were specific to anxiety disorders, specific to BD, or shared between BD and DMDD.
  • Further research is needed to map structural and functional commonalities and differences across diverse pediatric psychopathologies.