Identification and determination of chlorinated azoles in sludge using liquid chromatography quadrupole...

Four antimycotic drugs (tioconazole, TCZ; sertaconazole, STZ; fenticonazole, FTZ and itraconazole, ITZ) and the fungicide imazalil (IMZ) are determined in sludge from sewage treatment plants (STPs) following a bottom-up analytical strategy. First, sludge extracts, obtained under different sample preparation conditions, were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS). A non-target search strategy, combined with the use of the chlorine mass filter, permitted to detect several chlorinated pollutants including the above referred azoles, which either had not been previously reported (TCZ, STZ, FTZ and ITZ), or scarcely investigated (IMZ), in this environmental compartment. Then, the sample preparation procedure was validated using standards of these compounds and their sensitive and selective determination was performed by LC-MS/MS, based on a QqQ system. Under final working conditions, quantitative extraction yields were attained with negligible changes in ionization efficiencies between sample extracts and standards; therefore, the above compounds were quantified against authentic standard solutions, with absolute recoveries in the range from 75 to 124%, achieving a limit of quantification of 2ngg^-1. Analysis of sludge from 10 municipal STPs demonstrated the ubiquity of the identified chlorinated azoles with average concentrations from 31ngg^-1, for IMZ, to more than 200ngg^-1, for ITZ.