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Migration

Migration

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.

Symbiosis

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...

Gene Flow

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.

Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

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Migration highways and migration barriers created by host-parasite interactions.

Quan-Guo Zhang¹, Angus Buckling²

¹State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.

Ecology Letters

|November 23, 2016

Summary

Parasites influence host migration, aiding movement from high to low infection areas and hindering it the other way. Habitat differences and parasite dynamics can lead to either population homogenization or isolation.

Keywords:

Adaptation co-evolution consumer-resource interactions experimental evolution geographic mosaic of co-evolution isolation by adaptation local adaptation

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Evolutionary Biology
Microbiology

Background:

Host migration and population structure are influenced by co-evolving parasites.
Understanding how parasites affect host dispersal is crucial for predicting population dynamics.

Discussion:

Parasites facilitate host migration from high to low co-evolutionary interaction areas due to apparent competition.
Migration is impeded in the reverse direction, impacting population structure.
Habitat heterogeneity, specifically regarding parasite persistence, alters population regulation forces, affecting migration success.

Key Insights:

Co-evolving parasites can homogenize host populations in heterogeneous environments.
Parasitism can lead to 'isolation by adaptation,' a novel mechanism for population divergence.
Intraspecific apparent competition mediated by parasites is a key driver of migration patterns.

Outlook:

Further research can explore the role of specific parasite-host systems in shaping biodiversity.
Investigating the genetic basis of adaptation in response to varying parasite pressures is warranted.
This study provides a framework for understanding how ecological interactions shape large-scale evolutionary patterns.