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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
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Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
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Right ventricular dysfunction after cardiac surgery - diagnostic options.

Lars Grønlykke1, Hanne Berg Ravn1, Finn Gustafsson2

  • 1a Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology , The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark.

Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal : SCJ
|November 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Early diagnosis of right ventricular (RV) failure post-cardiac surgery is crucial. This review details diagnostic tools for RV function, recommending echocardiography and pulmonary artery catheterization for timely intervention.

Keywords:
Right ventricular functioncardiac magnetic resonance imagingcardiac surgerydiagnosticspulmonary artery catheterthree-dimensional echocardiographytwo-dimensional echocardiography

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Right ventricular (RV) failure post-cardiac surgery carries a poor prognosis.
  • Early recognition of RV failure is essential for effective treatment initiation.
  • Multifactorial etiologies contribute to RV dysfunction in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diagnostic modalities for assessing RV function after cardiac surgery.
  • To delineate normal versus abnormal findings in RV monitoring.
  • To discuss the limitations of current diagnostic techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RV function assessment.
  • Discussion of 2D and 3D echocardiography techniques.
  • Consideration of invasive hemodynamic monitoring, including pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) insertion.

Main Results:

  • Post-cardiac surgery RV assessment is challenged by altered contraction patterns (loss of longitudinal, gain of transverse) and reduced echocardiographic image quality.
  • Current diagnostic modalities have limitations in accuracy, reproducibility, and comparability.
  • Simple echocardiographic measurements and PAC insertion are proposed for diagnosing RV failure.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate and timely diagnosis of RV failure after cardiac surgery remains challenging.
  • Further validation studies are needed for next-generation diagnostic tools.
  • A pragmatic approach combining echocardiography and PAC is recommended for current clinical practice.