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Related Concept Videos

The Scientific Method01:32

The Scientific Method

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The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.
Generally, predictions are tested using carefully-designed experiments. Based on the outcome of these...
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The Scientific Method02:40

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Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate. In the scientific community, facts can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.
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The Scientific Method03:50

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Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To achieve this, scientists follow a definitive series of steps that together make up the Scientific Method. This approach involves making observations, asking questions, building a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and forming a conclusion. 
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Accuracy and Precision01:52

Accuracy and Precision

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.  Highly accurate...
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Statistical Significance01:37

Statistical Significance

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Once data is collected from both the experimental and the control groups, a statistical analysis is conducted to find out if there are meaningful differences between the two groups. A statistical analysis determines how likely any difference found is due to chance (and thus not meaningful). In psychology, group differences are considered meaningful, or significant, if the odds that these differences occurred by chance alone are 5 percent or less. Stated another way, if we repeated this...
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Saving Science by Doing Less of It?

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    Science is broken due to self-regulation by scientists, leading to unproductive research. Shifting management to problem-solvers could improve scientific outcomes and societal relevance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Science and Technology Policy
    • Research Management
    • Sociology of Science

    Background:

    • Current scientific management, influenced by Vannevar Bush's 1945 "free play of free intellects" model, is critiqued for fostering uncoordinated and unproductive research.
    • The self-governance of science by researchers, driven by curiosity, is argued to be a primary cause of its perceived dysfunction.

    Discussion:

    • Proposes a paradigm shift: transferring scientific management and judgment to individuals focused on practical, problem-oriented solutions.
    • Examines the implications of this shift for research funding, prioritization, and overall scientific productivity.
    • Connects this critique to broader discussions on the societal value and direction of scientific endeavors.

    Key Insights:

    • Rethinking the governance of science is crucial for enhancing its relevance and effectiveness.
    • A problem-driven approach, rather than pure curiosity-driven research, may yield more beneficial outcomes.
    • The current system may be generating research that is unnecessary or lacks coordination.

    Outlook:

    • Suggests that a more externally guided or problem-focused management system could lead to more impactful scientific advancements.
    • Explores the potential for improved societal return on investment in scientific research.
    • Calls for a re-evaluation of how scientific progress is defined and measured.