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Area of Science:

  • Meteorology
  • Climatology
  • Atmospheric Science

Background:

  • Boreal winter cold waves in India are mainly caused by cold air advection from higher latitudes.
  • The precise mechanisms driving Indian cold waves remain incompletely understood.
  • Understanding these cold wave dynamics is crucial for regional climate impact assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development and persistence of cold waves over India.
  • To identify and differentiate distinct types of cold wave events based on temperature anomalies and spatial extent.
  • To explore the relationship between ENSO phases and the occurrence of different cold wave types.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a comprehensive suite of meteorological datasets.
  • Statistical analysis of observed minimum surface temperature data.
  • Diagnosis of atmospheric anomalies and their role in temperature advection.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct types of cold waves were identified: TYPE1 (widespread) and TYPE2 (regional, northwest India).
  • TYPE1 cold waves correlate with La Niña conditions, while TYPE2 are associated with El Niño.
  • TYPE1 events involve a low-level cyclonic anomaly over India advecting cold air; TYPE2 features a west India cyclonic anomaly bringing cold winds to the northwest.

Conclusions:

  • Both ENSO phases (La Niña and El Niño) create favorable background conditions for Indian cold waves.
  • Distinct atmospheric anomalies drive the two identified cold wave types, influencing their spatial patterns.
  • The study clarifies the mechanisms behind Indian cold waves, linking them to ENSO and specific atmospheric circulation patterns.