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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments01:18

Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles
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Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly.

Katsuhiko Ariga1, Jonathan P Hill1, Michael V Lee1

  • 1World Premier International (WPI), Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
|November 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Supramolecular self-assembly offers a breakthrough for fabricating nanometer-scale objects, overcoming limitations of current methods. This review explores challenges and advances in self-assembly for materials science and nanotechnology.

Keywords:
bottom–upinterfacesnanomaterialsself-assemblysupermolecules

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology and Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Controlled fabrication of nanometer-scale objects is a critical scientific challenge.
  • Existing methods face limitations in size control and material diversity.
  • Supramolecular self-assembly presents a promising alternative approach.

Approach:

  • This review comprehensively summarizes self-assembly processes.
  • It introduces recent challenges and breakthroughs in the field.
  • Focuses on self-assembly in bulk media and at interfaces.

Key Points:

  • Explores various types of self-assembly in bulk media.
  • Discusses diverse components utilized for self-assembly.
  • Examines self-assembly phenomena occurring at interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Supramolecular self-assembly is a key methodology for advanced nanofabrication.
  • Advances in self-assembly address limitations of traditional techniques.
  • This review provides a consolidated overview of the field's progress.