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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
85
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
103
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

84
Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
84
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

111
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
111
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

8.0K
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo
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Hypersensitivity reactions to metal implants: laboratory options.

Anna Maria Carossino1, Christian Carulli1, Simone Ciuffi1

  • 1Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
|November 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The Lymphocyte Transformation Test effectively diagnoses implant allergies and identifies patients prone to reactions. Combining it with the Patch Test and cytokine analysis aids in pre-operative screening and monitoring of metal sensitization.

Keywords:
CytokinesKnee arthroplastyLymphocyte transformation testMetal sensitivityPatch test

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High Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging of Implant-Associated Infections with X-ray Excited Luminescence Chemical Imaging Through Tissue
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Implant materials face electrochemical and mechanical corrosion, producing debris that can hinder healing.
  • Diagnosing implant allergies requires a panel of tests, not single methods.
  • Pre-operative screening or post-operative monitoring is crucial for suspected metal sensitization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the Patch Test and Lymphocyte Transformation Test for diagnosing implant allergies.
  • To identify prognostic markers for early diagnosis of aseptic loosening.
  • To visualize metal debris effects on cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of patients with painful prostheses and allergy-prone subjects.
  • Comparison of Patch Test and Lymphocyte Transformation Test.
  • Evaluation of cytokine production and metal debris endocytosis via confocal microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Lymphocyte Transformation Test identifies allergy predisposition and confirms hypersensitivity in patients with painful prostheses.
  • Th2-cytokine patterns indicate allergy predisposition; osteoclastogenic cytokines predict negative outcomes.
  • Cytokine prognostic value for aseptic loosening requires further extensive testing.

Conclusions:

  • Lymphocyte Transformation Test is optimal for systemic allergy testing.
  • Combined Patch Test, Lymphocyte Transformation Test, and cytokine detection offer a comprehensive tool for evaluating immune reactivity.
  • This approach supports preventive assessment for joint replacement surgery and monitoring of metal sensitization in patients with implants.