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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

(In)validating experimentally derived knowledge about influenza A defective interfering particles.

Laura E Liao¹, Shingo Iwami^2,3, Catherine A A Beauchemin^4,5

¹Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

|November 25, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Quantifying defective interfering particles (DIPs) in influenza A virus is challenging. This study validates a standard method for counting DIPs by establishing crucial criteria for its accurate application.

Keywords:

co-infection defective interfering particles influenza A virus interference assay mathematical model reduction of infectious virus yield

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Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
Mathematical Modeling

Background:

Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are shortened viral RNA segments that interfere with standard virus (STV) replication.
Quantifying DIPs is difficult due to their indistinguishability from STV.
Previous methods for DIP quantification have lacked clear validation criteria.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and validate the standard experimental method for counting DIPs based on STV yield reduction.
To establish the specific criteria required for the accurate application of this DIP quantification method.

Main Methods:

Utilized a mathematical model to analyze the standard DIP quantification method.
Evaluated the impact of co-infection dynamics, STV/DIP production ratios, and multiplicity of infection (MOI) on assay validity.
Assessed the applicability of the validated method to influenza A virus.

Main Results:

The standard method for counting DIPs is valid under specific conditions.
Key criteria include: STV co-infection window relative to eclipse phase, low STV production per DIP, and high STV MOI.
Influenza A virus meets these criteria, confirming method suitability.

Conclusions:

The standard method for DIP quantification is reliable for influenza A virus when specific criteria are met.
Identified and clarified critical parameters previously overlooked in DIP quantification studies.
Provides a validated approach for accurate DIP measurement in influenza A research.