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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

61.0K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Zones of Protection01:16

Zones of Protection

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In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
Protective zones are defined by closed dashed lines, containing one or more components. A key characteristic of these zones is the strategic placement of...
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.2K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.2K
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

13.8K
Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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The Colonization of Land02:22

The Colonization of Land

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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management
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Vision as a Beachhead.

David J Heeger1, Marlene Behrmann2, Ilan Dinstein3

  • 1Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.

Biological Psychiatry
|November 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational theories help understand autism by examining visual system differences. Research focuses on excitation/inhibition imbalances and developmental changes in neural circuits.

Keywords:
AutismComputational theoryE/I balanceNeuroimagingPsychophysicsSensoryVisionVisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Psychiatry
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Abnormal neural circuit development can alter behaviors and neural computations.
  • Computational theories offer tools to understand neuropathological mechanisms in disorders.
  • The visual system is ideal for studying neural computations due to established theories and measurement protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how psychophysical and neuroimaging data test hypotheses of abnormal neural computations in autism.
  • To focus on excitation/inhibition imbalances as a potential mechanism in autism.
  • To discuss the challenges in linking computational abnormalities to underlying neural mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing psychophysical measurements in human subjects.
  • Employing neuroimaging techniques to study brain activity.
  • Applying computational theories of vision to analyze data.

Main Results:

  • Examined the use of human psychophysical and neuroimaging data to test computational hypotheses in autism.
  • Highlighted the complexity of mapping computational deficits to specific neural circuit alterations.
  • Identified the need for further development of computational theories for autism research.

Conclusions:

  • Computational approaches, particularly focusing on excitation/inhibition balance, are valuable for autism research.
  • Understanding autism requires integrating computational findings with developmental neuroscience frameworks.
  • Future research should consider the dynamic changes in neurophysiology during early development in autism.