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Related Concept Videos

Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

538
In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
538
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

521
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
521
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

633
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
633
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

607
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
607
Permeability of Concrete01:25

Permeability of Concrete

560
Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
560
Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

445
The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
445

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
07:42

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

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Chloride diffusivity in hardened cement paste from microscale analyses and accounting for binding effects.

P Carrara1, L De Lorenzis1, D P Bentz2

  • 1Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Applied Mechanics, Bienroder Weg 87, 38106 Braunschweig, DE.

Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering
|November 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates chloride ion diffusion in hardened cement paste (HCP), considering its complex microstructure and ion binding effects. The findings provide a homogenized diffusivity for HCP, validated against experimental data.

Keywords:
Chloride diffusion and bindingMicroscale analysesNumerical analysesSegmentation of real microstructuresSimulated microstructures

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Area of Science:

  • Civil and Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Hardened cement paste (HCP) exhibits complex microstructural heterogeneity.
  • Understanding chloride ion diffusion is critical for predicting concrete durability.
  • Chloride binding significantly influences the effective diffusion process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate chloride ion diffusion in HCP under steady-state conditions.
  • To account for material heterogeneity and ion-binding interactions.
  • To derive a homogenized diffusivity for HCP.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing X-ray imaging and CEMHYD3D simulations for microstructure analysis.
  • Incorporating physical and chemical interactions of chloride ions with HCP phases.
  • Applying a least squares homogenization technique to derive diffusivity.

Main Results:

  • Numerical simulations successfully captured chloride diffusion dynamics.
  • Homogenized diffusivity values were derived based on microstructural features.
  • Model predictions showed good agreement with existing experimental data.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model accurately represents chloride diffusion in heterogeneous HCP.
  • Accounting for ion binding and microstructure is essential for reliable predictions.
  • This approach enhances the assessment of concrete service life.