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Glutaminases.

Javier Márquez1,2, José M Matés3,4, José A Campos-Sandoval3,4

  • 1Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Canceromics Lab, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain. marquez@uma.es.

Advances in Neurobiology
|November 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian glutaminases are crucial for neurotransmitter synthesis and energy balance in the brain. Recent research reveals these enzymes may have multiple functions beyond their known roles, impacting brain homeostasis.

Keywords:
AstrocytesGlutamateGlutaminase-interacting proteinsGlutamineNeurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian glutaminases convert L-glutamine to L-glutamate and ammonium.
  • Glutamate synthesized by glutaminases is essential for neurotransmission and metabolic homeostasis in the brain.
  • The precise roles of brain glutaminases are continually being elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a critical review of key research on mammalian brain glutaminases.
  • To highlight recent discoveries regarding glutaminase functions and their implications.
  • To discuss findings in the context of glutamate/glutamine homeostasis in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Functional genomics and proteomics approaches were utilized.
  • Analysis of transcript variants in neurons and glial cells.
  • Investigation of novel protein localizations and interacting partners.

Main Results:

  • Glutaminases play a central role in brain glutamate synthesis for neurotransmission.
  • Products of glutaminase reactions are vital for energy and metabolic homeostasis.
  • Evidence suggests glutaminases may function as multifunctional proteins ('moonlighting proteins').
  • Multiple transcript variants, extramitochondrial localizations, and specific interacting partners support novel functions.

Conclusions:

  • Recent findings expand our understanding of brain glutaminase functions.
  • Glutaminases may exhibit 'moonlighting' activities beyond glutamate synthesis.
  • These multifaceted roles are critical for maintaining glutamate/glutamine homeostasis in the mammalian brain.