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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

A Cryo-pulverization Protocol for Processing Mouse Paws to Evaluate Molecular Pathways of Tissue Inflammation in a Collagen Induced Arthritis Model
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Update on Crystal-Induced Arthritides.

Hossam El-Zawawy1, Brian F Mandell2

  • 1Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard, Weston, FL 33331, USA.

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
|November 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gout prevalence rises with age, often presenting atypically in the elderly. Effective gout management requires lowering serum urate below 6.8 mg/dL to dissolve deposits and prevent painful attacks.

Keywords:
ComorbiditiesGeriatricsGoutTreat to target

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Geriatrics
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Gout prevalence increases with age.
  • Serum urate supersaturation leads to crystal deposition in joints.
  • Elderly patients present with atypical gout symptoms, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges in diagnosing and treating gout in the elderly.
  • To emphasize the importance of maintaining low serum urate levels for gout management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on gout in aging populations.
  • Analysis of diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations.
  • Discussion of urate-lowering strategies.

Main Results:

  • Elderly patients often exhibit non-specific symptoms, delaying diagnosis.
  • Comorbidities and polypharmacy complicate treatment decisions in older adults.
  • Maintaining serum urate below 6.8 mg/dL is crucial for preventing recurrent gout flares.

Conclusions:

  • Gout management in the elderly requires careful consideration of atypical presentations and comorbidities.
  • Achieving and maintaining target serum urate levels is essential for long-term gout control and preventing joint damage.