Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Throwing Athlete
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Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
Ryan A Mlynarek1, Simon Lee1, Asheesh Bedi2
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5328, USA.
Abstract:
The overhead pitching motion is a coordinated sequence of movements that subjects the shoulder to extreme forces. The ultimate goal of this complex, dynamic activity is to generate high ball velocity and accuracy. In doing so, repetitive throwing can cause adaptive and pathologic changes in the thrower's shoulder. This article reviews the relevant shoulder anatomy, the kinetic chain, and throwing mechanics, as well as common shoulder injuries and surgical options for the treating orthopedic surgeon.
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