Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Throwing Athlete

Area of Science:

• Orthopedics
• Sports Medicine
• Biomechanics

Background:

• The overhead pitching motion is a complex, dynamic activity requiring coordinated movements.
• This motion subjects the shoulder joint to extreme forces, essential for generating high ball velocity and accuracy.
• Repetitive throwing can lead to both adaptive changes and pathological conditions in the thrower's shoulder.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide orthopedic surgeons with a comprehensive review of the overhead pitching motion.
• To detail the relevant shoulder anatomy, kinetic chain principles, and biomechanics of throwing.
• To outline common shoulder injuries associated with pitching and discuss available surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on shoulder anatomy and biomechanics.
• Analysis of the kinetic chain in overhead throwing.
• Compilation of information on common pitching-related shoulder pathologies and surgical treatments.

Main Results:

• Detailed explanation of the anatomical structures of the shoulder and their role in pitching.
• Description of the kinetic sequence from the lower extremities to the throwing arm.
• Identification of common injuries such as rotator cuff tears and labral injuries.
• Overview of surgical procedures, including arthroscopy and open repairs.

Conclusions:

• Understanding pitching mechanics and shoulder anatomy is crucial for diagnosing and treating injuries.
• Repetitive stress from overhead throwing can lead to significant shoulder pathology.
• Orthopedic surgeons can utilize this review to better manage pitching-related shoulder conditions.