Chronic Kidney Disease

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Public Health
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by decreased kidney function (glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m²), kidney damage markers, or both, persisting for over three months.
• Diabetes and hypertension are primary global drivers of CKD, impacting incidence, prevalence, and progression across diverse socioeconomic and ethnic groups.
• Many individuals with CKD remain asymptomatic or present with non-specific symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis often through incidental screening findings.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of the current definition, causes, diagnosis, complications, and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
• To highlight the significant mortality risks associated with CKD, primarily from cardiovascular disease, and the reduced quality of life experienced by patients.
• To emphasize the disparities in healthcare access and the need for evolving health service provision to encourage early CKD intervention.

Main Methods:

• Review of current international guidelines for CKD definition and classification.
• Analysis of etiological factors, diagnostic indicators (GFR, proteinuria, biopsy), and common complications (anemia, mineral bone disease).
• Examination of epidemiological data on CKD prevalence, progression, mortality risks, and quality of life impacts.

Main Results:

• CKD is characterized by impaired kidney function or damage, with diabetes and hypertension as leading causes.
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria are key indicators of kidney function and progression risk.
• CKD significantly increases premature mortality risk, predominantly from cardiovascular disease, and substantially lowers quality of life.

Conclusions:

• CKD definition relies on sustained reduction in kidney function or markers of damage, with significant global health implications.
• Effective management requires addressing underlying causes, monitoring disease progression, and managing complications like anemia and mineral bone disease.
• Addressing health inequities and promoting early detection and intervention are critical for improving outcomes and reducing the burden of CKD.