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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that predominantly affects individuals of Northern European descent, occurring at a rate of 1 in 3500. It is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene on chromosome 7, most commonly the ΔF508 mutation, that codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This results in thicker mucus secretions and obstruction pathologies in multiple organs, including the lungs and sinuses.
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A Practical Approach to Refractory Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Edward D McCoul1, Abtin Tabaee2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Hwy, CT-4, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|November 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) presents a significant challenge, with persistent symptoms despite treatment. This article offers a practical framework for evaluating and managing these complex CRS cases, considering future therapeutic directions.

Keywords:
Chronic rhinosinusitisNasal polypsSinus surgeryTopical therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Immunology
  • Rhinology

Background:

  • Refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is defined by persistent, poorly controlled symptoms and inflammation.
  • Patients with refractory CRS have failed prior medical and surgical treatments, posing a clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a practical framework for the clinical evaluation of refractory CRS.
  • To outline current and emerging treatment strategies for refractory CRS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines for CRS management.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and therapeutic limitations in refractory CRS.
  • Integration of emerging concepts in CRS pathophysiology and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key factors contributing to treatment resistance in CRS.
  • Framework for systematic patient evaluation, including symptom assessment and inflammatory markers.
  • Overview of established and novel therapeutic modalities.

Conclusions:

  • A structured approach is essential for managing refractory CRS.
  • Understanding underlying disease complexity is crucial for effective treatment.
  • Emerging concepts promise improved future management of refractory CRS.