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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Linking Telomere Regulation to Stem Cell Pluripotency.

Lin Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|November 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) require telomere maintenance for self-renewal and stability. Epigenetic modifications and alternative lengthening pathways are crucial for telomere regulation in PSCs, impacting aging and cancer research.

Keywords:
epigeneticspluripotent stem cellsreprogrammingtelomere

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are vital for regenerative medicine.
  • Unlimited self-renewal, pluripotency, and chromosomal stability are essential characteristics of PSCs.
  • Telomere length maintenance is critical for these properties, with telomerase playing a key role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the link between telomere elongation, homeostasis, and the acquisition/maintenance of pluripotency in PSCs.
  • To discuss the regulatory mechanisms of telomere length, including epigenetic modifications.
  • To highlight the implications of telomere reprogramming in PSCs for aging and tumorigenesis research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on telomere biology in PSCs.
  • Analysis of the roles of telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathways.
  • Examination of epigenetic modifications involved in telomere regulation.

Main Results:

  • Telomere maintenance is essential for PSC self-renewal, pluripotency, and chromosomal stability.
  • Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathways and epigenetic modifications are important for telomere regulation, particularly in mouse PSCs.
  • Telomere rejuvenation is intrinsically linked to epigenetic reprogramming during the acquisition of pluripotency.

Conclusions:

  • Telomere elongation and homeostasis are fundamental to maintaining pluripotency in PSCs.
  • Epigenetic modifications play a significant role in regulating telomere length and function in PSCs.
  • Understanding telomere reprogramming in PSCs offers insights into aging processes and cancer development.