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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
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Neonatal Diabetes: A Case Series.

Ramaswamy Ganesh1, Natarajan Suresh, Thiruvengadam Vasanthi

  • 1Departments of Pediatrics and *Endocrinology, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital and The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Correspondence to: Dr Ramaswamy Ganesh, Consultant Pediatrician, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai 600 034, India. ganeped79@rediffmail.com.

Indian Pediatrics
|November 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is rare, affecting 1 in 2,60,000 births. Genetic mutations in KCNJ11, ABCC8, and INS genes were identified, with some cases effectively managed by oral sulfonylurea therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare condition with an incidence of 1 in 2,60,000 live births.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of NDM is crucial for effective management.

Observation:

  • A retrospective analysis of 10 children diagnosed with NDM over 11 years in Chennai, India.
  • Nine children had permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) with onset between 3 days and 5 months of age.

Findings:

  • Genetic mutations were identified in KCNJ11 (1 child), ABCC8 (2 children), and INS (2 children).
  • Children with KCNJ11 and ABCC8 gene mutations responded positively to oral sulfonylurea therapy.

Implications:

  • Specific genetic mutations causing NDM can be effectively treated with oral sulfonylureas.
  • This highlights the potential for targeted, non-insulin therapies in managing certain forms of neonatal diabetes.