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Anatomical Movements

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Ballistics and anatomical modelling - A review.

Caitlin Humphrey¹, Jaliya Kumaratilake¹

¹Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, University of Adelaide, Medical School North, Frome Road, Adelaide 5005, Australia.

Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)

|November 29, 2016

Summary

Understanding wound ballistics requires studying projectile effects on tissue. Research uses models and simulants, but accurately representing human biomechanics remains a challenge.

Keywords:

3D modelling Ballistics Firearm wounds Forensic Permanent cavity Temporary cavity

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Area of Science:

Forensic Science
Biomedical Engineering
Trauma Research

Background:

Ballistics encompasses projectile motion stages: internal, intermediate, external, and terminal.
Wound ballistics, a subset of terminal ballistics, examines projectile effects on living tissue.
Key wounding mechanisms include permanent/temporary cavities, energy transfer, yawing, tumbling, and fragmentation.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanisms of projectile wounding in living tissues.
To review current research methodologies and identify knowledge gaps in wound ballistics.
To highlight the need for improved models representing human biomechanical complexity.

Main Methods:

Review of existing ballistics research.
Analysis of studies employing cadavers, animal models, and simulants like ordnance gelatine.
Exploration of developing anatomical, 3D, experimental, and computational models.

Main Results:

Current research utilizes diverse methods to study projectile-tissue interactions.
Existing models face challenges in accurately replicating the human body's heterogeneous nature.
Significant advancements are needed in developing realistic tissue simulants and biomechanical models.

Conclusions:

Accurate representation of human tissue biomechanics is crucial for advancing wound ballistics research.
Further development of advanced anatomical and computational models is necessary.
Continued research into realistic tissue simulants is essential for improving experimental and computational accuracy.