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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
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Mathematical Models for Controlled Drug Release Through pH-Responsive Polymeric Hydrogels.

Ramya D Manga1, Prateek K Jha1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.

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|November 29, 2016
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Summary

Mathematical models predict drug release from pH-responsive hydrogels for oral delivery. These models can forecast both in vitro and in vivo drug concentrations, aiding in the design of advanced drug carriers.

Keywords:
controlled releasediffusiongastrointestinalhydrogelsmathematical modeloral drug deliverypharmacokineticspolyelectrolytespolymeric drug carrierthermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • pH-responsive hydrogels are promising for oral drug delivery due to their ability to swell and release drugs based on gastrointestinal pH changes.
  • Drug entrapment occurs at the stomach's low pH, with release facilitated in the intestine's higher pH environment.
  • Understanding hydrogel-drug interactions and physiological conditions is crucial for optimizing oral delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate 1-dimensional mathematical models for predicting drug release from pH-responsive hydrogels.
  • To investigate the influence of hydrogel properties, drug characteristics, and physiological conditions on drug release kinetics.
  • To apply the developed models for predicting both in vitro and in vivo drug delivery performance.

Main Methods:

  • Development of three distinct 1-dimensional mathematical models with varying levels of complexity.
  • Systematic analysis of parameters affecting drug release, including hydrogel swelling, drug diffusion, and external pH conditions.
  • Validation of models using experimental data from docetaxel-loaded micelle in a pH-responsive hydrogel system.

Main Results:

  • The mathematical models successfully predict drug release profiles from pH-responsive hydrogels.
  • The study provides fundamental insights into the mechanisms governing drug release behavior.
  • Models demonstrated accuracy in predicting both in vitro drug release and in vivo plasma drug concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed mathematical models offer a valuable tool for the rational design of pH-responsive hydrogel-based oral drug delivery systems.
  • These models can bridge the gap between in vitro performance and in vivo efficacy.
  • The successful application to a specific drug formulation highlights the models' practical utility in pharmaceutical development.