Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 11, 2026
06:38
Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
Published on: August 4, 2022
3.0K
IDO2: A Pathogenic Mediator of Inflammatory Autoimmunity
Lauren M F Merlo1, Laura Mandik-Nayak1
1Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA.
Clinical Medicine Insights. Pathology
|November 29, 2016
Summary
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) promotes autoimmunity by influencing T cell help, distinct from IDO1. Targeting IDO2 may offer new therapies for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Molecular Biology
- Autoimmunity
Background:
- Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is an immunomodulatory enzyme, homologous to IDO1.
- IDO2 has potential roles in cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Approach:
- This review synthesizes current knowledge on IDO2's direct impact on immune function.
- Focus is placed on its role in autoimmune inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Key Points:
- IDO2 functions as a pro-inflammatory mediator in autoimmunity, with a distinct phenotype from IDO1.
- IDO2 is expressed in antigen-presenting cells like B cells and dendritic cells.
- IDO2 modulates T cell help, specifically through B cell activity in autoimmune models.
Conclusions:
- IDO2 expression can exacerbate inflammatory responses.
- IDO2 represents a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders.
Related Concept Videos
01:24T Cell Types and Functions
3.0K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.0K
01:17Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology
1.6K
Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
1.6K
01:30Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease
1.4K
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
1.4K
01:29Autoimmune Disorders
2.1K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
2.1K
01:30Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular
17.8K
The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
17.8K
01:28Inflammatory Response
17.9K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
17.9K