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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

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Pre-expanded Internal Mammary Artery Perforator Flap.

Stacy Wong¹, James D Goggin¹, Nicholas D Webster¹

¹Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, 2401 South 31st Street, Temple, TX 76508, USA.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

|November 30, 2016

Summary

Pre-expanding internal mammary artery (IMA) perforator flaps improves survival and coverage for complex reconstructions. This technique offers a valuable solution for patients with challenging reconstructive needs.

Keywords:

IMAP Internal mammary artery perforator flap Pre-expansion Tissue expansion

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Published on: August 1, 2022

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery
Microsurgery

Background:

Internal mammary artery (IMA)-based pedicled perforator flaps are utilized for neck and anterior chest wall reconstruction.
Pre-expansion of these flaps is a technique that can potentially enhance outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the benefits of pre-expansion for internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flaps.

Main Methods:

The study discusses the application and outcomes of pre-expanded IMAP flaps.

Main Results:

Pre-expansion may lead to a delay phenomenon but improves flap survival and reduces donor site morbidity.
It increases the coverage area and allows for a shorter arc of rotation for perforator flaps.

Conclusions:

The pre-expanded IMAP flap is a viable option for complex reconstructions, especially in patients with prior failed attempts and limited donor sites.