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Vancomycin and the Risk of AKI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abhisekh Sinha Ray1, Ammar Haikal1, Kassem A Hammoud2
1Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension and.
Background And Objectives:
Vancomycin has been in use for more than half a century, but whether it is truly nephrotoxic and to what extent are still highly controversial. The objective of this study was to determine the risk of AKI attributable to intravenous vancomycin.
Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements:
We conducted a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials and cohort studies that compared patients treated with intravenous vancomycin with a control group of patients given a comparator nonglycopeptide antibiotic and in which kidney function or kidney injury outcomes were reported. PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched from 1990 to September of 2015. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed study risk of bias, and one reviewer adjudicated the assessments. A meta-analysis was conducted on seven randomized, controlled trials (total of 4033 patients).
Results:
Moderate quality evidence suggested that vancomycin treatment is associated with a higher risk of AKI, with a relative risk of 2.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.69 to 3.55). The risk of kidney injury was similar in patients treated for skin and soft tissue infections compared with those treated for nosocomial pneumonia and other complicated infections. There was an uncertain risk of reporting bias, because kidney function was not a prespecified outcome in any of the trials. The preponderance of evidence was judged to be indirect, because the majority of studies compared vancomycin specifically with linezolid.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that there is a measurable risk of AKI associated with vancomycin, but the strength of the evidence is moderate. A randomized, controlled trial designed to study kidney function as an outcome would be needed to draw unequivocal conclusions.
Insights
Intravenous vancomycin use is linked to a higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), according to moderate evidence. Further research is needed to confirm these findings on vancomycin nephrotoxicity.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Infectious Diseases
- Clinical Pharmacology
Background:
- Vancomycin has been used for over 50 years, yet its nephrotoxic potential remains debated.
- Determining the extent of vancomycin-associated kidney injury is crucial for patient safety.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically evaluate the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with intravenous vancomycin treatment.
Main Methods:
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies (1990-2015).
- Searched PubMed and Cochrane Library for studies comparing vancomycin with comparator antibiotics.
- Included seven RCTs with 4033 patients; data extraction and bias assessment performed by multiple reviewers.
Main Results:
- Moderate evidence indicates vancomycin is associated with a 2.45-fold increased risk of AKI (95% CI, 1.69-3.55).
- Kidney injury risk was consistent across various infection types.
- Potential reporting bias exists as kidney function was not always a primary outcome; evidence largely indirect due to linezolid comparisons.
Conclusions:
- Vancomycin treatment presents a measurable risk of AKI, though the evidence quality is moderate.
- Further high-quality randomized controlled trials focusing on kidney function outcomes are necessary for definitive conclusions.
