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Related Concept Videos

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

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Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
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Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
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Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
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In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Monitoring Lung Function with Electrical Impedance Tomography in the Intensive Care Unit
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Eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea and exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction.

Julie Turmel1, Simon Gagnon2, Mélanie Bernier3

  • 1Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ) , Québec , Canada.

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
|December 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) can help diagnose exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) in athletes. This test revealed various upper airway obstructions, suggesting a new classification for EILO.

Keywords:
AsthmaAthleteExerciseRespiratory

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Pulmonology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common in athletes.
  • Exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction (EIVCD) often mimics or co-exists with EIB.
  • Diagnosing EIVCD can be difficult due to its intermittent nature during intense exercise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) in diagnosing EIVCD.
  • To assess EVH's effectiveness in detecting laryngeal obstructions in athletes, with or without EIB.

Main Methods:

  • A 6-minute EVH test was conducted on 13 female athletes suspected of VCD.
  • Nasolaryngoscopy was performed during the EVH test.
  • Two ENT surgeons analyzed the recorded images for laryngeal movements.

Main Results:

  • Three athletes exhibited incomplete paradoxical vocal cord movement without stridor.
  • Twelve athletes displayed significant supraglottic movement; two had severe obstruction with epiglottic collapse.
  • Three of these 12 also showed severe vibration of the arytenoid cartilage mucosa.

Conclusions:

  • EVH effectively reproduces laryngeal movements during hyperventilation, aiding in diagnosing glottic and supraglottic obstructions.
  • The study proposes renaming exercise-induced upper airway obstructions as Exercise-induced Laryngeal Obstruction (EILO).
  • EILO should be categorized into supraglottic, glottic (EIVCD), and mixed obstruction types.