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Saliva diagnostics - Current views and directions.

Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz1, Carmen Martin Carreras-Presas2, Katri Aro1

  • 11 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
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Saliva is a valuable, non-invasive diagnostic tool reflecting body

Keywords:
Salivabiomarkersdiagnosticsliquid biopsypoint-of-caretrancriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Salivary diagnostics
  • Biomarker discovery
  • Personalized medicine

Background:

  • Saliva offers numerous advantages as a diagnostic biofluid, including fast, easy, inexpensive, and non-invasive collection.
  • Referred to as a 'mirror of the body,' saliva reflects physiological and pathological states, making it valuable in medicine, dentistry, and pharmacotherapy.
  • The field of 'Salivaomics,' established in 2008, encompasses the study of saliva's diverse molecular components (proteome, transcriptome, micro-RNA, metabolome, microbiome).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on current and emerging applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes.
  • To highlight advancements in technologies and tools for salivary diagnostics, particularly in cancer screening, detection, and monitoring.
  • To emphasize the potential of salivary diagnostics for personalized medicine and clinical decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research and technological developments in salivary diagnostics.
  • Exploration of 'Salivaomics' and its constituent 'omics' fields.
  • Discussion of emerging technologies such as liquid biopsy and electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM).

Main Results:

  • Development and validation of numerous salivary biomarkers poised for clinical application.
  • Liquid biopsy enables non-invasive detection of circulating tumor cells and tumor DNA fragments in saliva for cancer detection.
  • EFIRM technology demonstrates high accuracy in detecting actionable mutations in lung cancer patients.

Conclusions:

  • Salivary diagnostics have expanded beyond the oral cavity to encompass systemic diseases.
  • There is a continued need for convenient, accurate point-of-care devices for non-invasive diagnostics.
  • Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms linking systemic diseases to salivary changes, paving the way for personalized medicine.