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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Neuroembryology.

Diana Darnell1, Scott F Gilbert2,3

  • 1College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
|December 2, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explains how embryonic cells develop into neurons and organize within the central nervous system. It details neurulation and the patterning of the spinal cord and brain, including the cerebral cortex.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Nervous system development is crucial for complex functions like movement, sensation, and cognition.
  • Understanding how neurons form and organize is fundamental to neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neural tube formation and patterning.
  • To describe the process of neuronal differentiation and organization in the developing brain and spinal cord.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the process of neurulation, where embryonic cells form the neural tube.
  • It discusses signaling pathways that pattern the spinal cord into sensory and motor regions.
  • It describes neuronal migration and differentiation in brain development, leading to the cerebral cortex.

Main Results:

  • Neurulation establishes the neural tube from ectodermal cells.
  • Signaling centers pattern the neural tube, specifying dorsal sensory and ventral motor neuron fates.
  • Stem cell migration and differentiation in the brain generate the six-layered cerebral cortex.

Conclusions:

  • The development of the nervous system involves precise cellular movements, signaling, and differentiation.
  • Neuronal organization within the spinal cord and brain is essential for distinct functions.
  • This developmental process lays the foundation for complex cognitive and motor behaviors.