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Updated: Mar 11, 2026
Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
A New Method of Measuring the Occipitocervical Angle That Could be Applied as an Intraoperative Indicator During
Shingo Nagashima1, Masateru Nagae, Yuji Arai
1*Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine †Department of Orthopaedics, Tanabe Central Hospital ‡Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Study Design:
A method for measuring occipitocervical angle.
Objective:
To develop a new method of measurement for assessing the occipitocervical angle using intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging, and to examine its reliability.
Summary Of Background Data:
To avoid postoperative complications following occipitocervical fusion, it is vital to obtain a suitable fusion angle between the occipital bone and the upper cervical spine.
Materials And Methods:
The subjects were 30 cases with occipito-atlanto-axial lesions and 30 healthy volunteers. Lateral plain radiographs of the cervical spine in neutral position were used to draw the McGregor line, the line between the external occipital protuberance and the most caudal point on the midline occipital curve (Oc line), the tangential line of the inferior endplate of the C2 vertebra (C2 line), and the posterior longitudinal line of the C2 vertebra (Ax line). The angles formed by these 4 lines and the horizontal line were measured. The O-C2 angle and the Oc-Ax angle, the new indicator, were measured by 3 doctors and reliability was evaluated.
Results:
In the disease group, mean intraobserver variances of the McGregor, Oc, C2, Ax, O-C2, and Oc-Ax angles were 0.7, 1.3, 1.5, 1.2, 1.6, and 1.9 degrees. Mean intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.997, 0.994, 0.994, 0.997, 0.989, and 0.988, showing high intraobserver reliability for all angles. Mean interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.998, 0.996, 0.994, 0.997, 0.988, and 0.990, showing high interobserver reliability for all angles. The same reliability was obtained in the healthy group.
Conclusions:
The Oc-Ax angle is as reliable an indicator as the conventional O-C2 angle, and could be used as a new intraoperative indicator for occipitocervical fusion. It may be particularly useful in cases where it is difficult to identify the McGregor line and/or the inferior endplate of the C2 vertebra.
Level Of Evidence:
Level 3-diagnostic study.
