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Related Concept Videos

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

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Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
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Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

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In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation01:03

Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation

4.7K
Alcohols (R-OH) ionize to lose one non-bonded electron from the oxygen atom, forming molecular ions. Due to their tendency to fragment rapidly, the intensity of the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum is weak or sometimes absent. The fragmentation patterns for alcohols occur in two ways, i.e. ⍺-cleavage and dehydration. During ⍺-cleavage, the bond at the ⍺-position adjacent to the hydroxyl group cleaves to give a resonance-stabilized cation and a radical. However, intramolecular...
4.7K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

17.3K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
17.3K
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

8.2K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
8.2K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.2K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila
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MDR-alcohol dehydrogenases.

Hans Jörnvall1

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.

Chemico-Biological Interactions
|December 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extensive research over 80 years has detailed multi-drug resistant alcohol dehydrogenases (MDR-ADHs). These enzymes, crucial in carbonyl metabolism, now number nearly half a million forms.

Keywords:
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs)EvolutionMDROriginSDR

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Multi-drug resistant alcohol dehydrogenases (MDR-ADHs) have been a subject of extensive research for nearly 80 years.
  • Initial understanding was limited, but significant progress has been made in elucidating their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the structural, functional, and evolutionary properties of MDR-ADHs.
  • To highlight the historical progression of research and the increasing body of knowledge in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of research findings over eight decades.
  • Tracking the growth of MDR-ADH entries in scientific databases.
  • Monitoring advancements discussed in "Carbonyl Metabolism" meetings.

Main Results:

  • MDR-ADHs are now understood in precise structural, functional, and evolutionary detail.
  • The evolutionary history of MDR-ADHs can be traced back to the origin of cellular life.
  • The number of known MDR-ADH forms has dramatically increased, approaching half a million entries.

Conclusions:

  • Decades of dedicated research have transformed the understanding of MDR-ADHs.
  • The field continues to expand rapidly, evidenced by the exponential growth in databank entries.
  • MDR-ADHs represent a significant area of study with deep evolutionary roots and vast molecular diversity.