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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

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To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
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Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

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Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated....
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Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

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The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail...
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Behavior Modification01:21

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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
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Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques VI01:30

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Adopting a healthier lifestyle often requires overcoming significant challenges, but leveraging psychological, social, and cultural resources can facilitate meaningful change. Effective self-change hinges on understanding and applying key tools such as motivation and goal setting, which help sustain efforts toward long-term health benefits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
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Using an Analysis of Behavior Change to Inform Effective Digital Intervention Design: How Did the PRIMIT Website

B Ainsworth1,2, M Steele3, B Stuart4

  • 1Centre for Clinical and Community Applications of Health Psychology, Psychology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. ben.ainsworth@southampton.ac.uk.

Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine
|December 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The PRIMIT digital intervention effectively reduced respiratory tract infections by improving hand hygiene. Initial engagement with the intervention was key, with benefits seen across diverse user groups, including those with less education.

Keywords:
Behavior changeDigital interventionsEngagementHand hygieneUsage

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Health Interventions
  • Behavioral Science
  • Infection Control

Background:

  • Designing effective digital healthcare interventions requires understanding not only efficacy but also mechanisms of action and differential effects across populations.
  • Key considerations include the impact of individual intervention components, necessary usage thresholds for behavior change, and variations in usage among different demographic groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of behavior change and usage patterns of a digital intervention for respiratory tract infections (RTIs).
  • To determine the effectiveness of the PRIMary care trial of an Infection control intervention to Modify Influenza-like illness and respiratory tract infection Transmission (PRIMIT) intervention in improving hand hygiene and reducing RTIs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 8993 users of the PRIMIT intervention, employing baseline and follow-up questionnaires to assess hand hygiene behaviors, intentions, and attitudes.
  • Combined self-reported data with objective measures of usage for the four PRIMIT intervention sessions to analyze mechanisms of behavior change.

Main Results:

  • The PRIMIT intervention successfully modified hand hygiene behaviors, intentions, and attitudes, correlating with a reduction in RTIs.
  • Significant behavior change was observed after the first intervention session, with diminishing returns from subsequent sessions, indicating the first session's core techniques were crucial.
  • The intervention demonstrated equitable effectiveness across genders, age groups, and was particularly beneficial for individuals with lower educational attainment.

Conclusions:

  • The study identified a minimum engagement threshold for achieving behavior change in hand hygiene through the PRIMIT intervention.
  • Findings have significant implications for the development of future digital health interventions, suggesting a focus on initial engagement and core behavior change techniques.
  • The analysis methodology can be applied to other digital interventions to understand their mechanisms and optimize their design for broader impact.